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Tables & Figures
Preface & Acknowledgments
List of Contributors
Review by John Ziman

 

Table and Figures                                                                                                       .	ix
Preface and Acknowledgments	xix
List of Contributors	xxi
Introduction
The Scholar's Spoor  Blaise Cronin and Helen Barsky Atkins	1
Historical Perspectives Chapter 1:     Eugene Garfield: History, Scientific Information and Chemical Endeavor                    Arnold Thackray and David C. Brock	11
Chapter 2:     How the Science Citation Index Got Started                    Joshua Lederberg	25
Chapter 3:     Garfield as Alchemist                    Paul Wouters	65
Chapter 4:     Assessing the Value of a Database Company                    Robert M. Hayes	73
The Scientific Literature
Chapter 5:     The Growth of Journal Literature: A Historical Perspective                    Jack Meadows	87
Chapter 6:     The Role of Journals in the Growth of Scientific Knowledge                    Stephen Cole	109
Chapter 7:     Scholarly Communication and Bibliometrics Revisted                    Christine L. Borgman	143
Chapter 8:     Publication Velocity, Publication Growth and Impact Factor:                       An Empirical Model                    Péter Vinkler	163
Chapter 9:     Visualizing Citation Connections                    Tony Cawkell	177
International Issues
Chapter 10:   Collaboration Networks in Science                    María Bordons and Isabel Gómez	197
Chapter 11:   International Collaboration in Science: The Case of India and China                    Subbiah Arunachalam	215
Chapter 12:   Publication Indicators in Latin America Revisited                    Jane M. Russell	233
Chapter 13:  How Balanced is the Science Citation Index's Journal Coverage?                       A Preliminary Overview of Macro-Level Statistical Data                    Tibor Braun, Wolfgang Glänzel  and András Schubert	251
Evaluative Bibliometrics
Chapter 14:   A Short History of the Use of Citations as a Measure of the                       Impact of Scientific and Scholarly Work                    Jonathan R. Cole	281
Chapter 15:   The Pandora's Box of Citation Analysis: Measuring Scientific Excellence -                       the Last Evil?                    Anthony F. J. van Raan	301
Chapter 16:   The Complementarity of Scientometrics and Economics                    Arthur M. Diamond, Jr.	321
Chapter 17: The Development of Science Indicators in the United States                    Francis Narin, Kimberly S. Hamilton and Dominic Olivastro	337
Chapter 18:   Citations as a Means to Evaluate Biomedical Research                    Grant Lewison	361
Chapter 19:   Applying Diachronic Citation Analysis to Research Program Evaluations                    Peter Ingwersen, Birger Larsen and Irene Wormell	373
Chapter 20:   Scientometrics, Cybermetrics, and Firm Performance                    Michael E. D. Koenig and Mary Westermann-Cicio	389
Chapter 21:   Do Patent Citations Count?                    Charles Oppenheim	405
Social Network Analysis
Chapter 22:   On the Garfield Input to the Sociology of Science: A Retrospective Collage                    Robert K. Merton	435
Chapter 23:   Charting Pathways through Science: Exploring Garfield's vision of a Unified                       Index to Science                    Henry Small	449
Chapter 24:   Toward Ego-Centered Citation Analysis                    Howard D. White	475
Chapter 25:   Graphing Micro-Regions in the Web of Knowledge:                       A Comparative Reference-Network Analysis                    Lowell L. Hargens	497
Chapter 26:   The Citation Network as a Prototype for Representing Trust in                       Virtual Environments                    Elisabeth Davenport and Blaise Cronin	517
Index	535

 

Chapter 4
Table 4.1         Goodwill estimated from capitalization of earnings	77
Table 4.2         Goodwill estimated from capitalization of excess earnings	77
Chapter 5
Table 5.1         Growth in the number of publications with bibliometric studies	88
Table 5.2         Number of journal papers and monographs in chemistry published                          in specified years	89
Table 5.3         Growth of scientific papers in the nineteenth century	89
Table 5.4         Annual numbers of scientific publications (1906-1913)	89
Table 5.5         Death rates of social science journals	91
Table 5.6         Birth and date rates of computer related journals	91
Table 5.7         Estimated number of journal titles worldwide	92
Table 5.8         Learned societies and their membership in the U.K.	95
Table 5.9         Growth of sub-disciplines in American botanical journals	100
Table 5.10       Number of social science titles	101
Chapter 6
Table  6.1        The concentration of "high quality" work by field	117
Table  6.2        The influence of the journal Halo Effect on citations to physics and                          sociology  articles	119
Table 6.3          Inter-referee reliability for referees for various journals	124
Table 6.4          Comparison of editor's evaluation of papers and later citations to                          papers published in the Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics	128
Table 6.5         The Stinchcombe-Ofshe model of journal editing as a probabilistic process	131
Chapter 8
Table 8.1         Some methods describing the publication growth of science	164
Table 8.2         Indicators for characterization of publication growth	166
Table 8.3         Numerical examples for the comparison of relative rates of                          publication growth calculated by different methods	167
Table 8.4         Relative Publication Growth (RPG) values calculated with different                          relevance periods (2,5,10) for some data bases	169
Table 8.5         Trend analysis of Relative Publication Growth (RPG) values	172
Table 8.6         Relationship between mean Relative Publication Growth (RPG)                         and Garfield as well as Mean Impact Factor of Periodicals (MIF)                         of chemistry using Eq. 6	173
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1        Citation relationships of a bibliography on staining nucleid acid	179
Figure 9.2        Diagonal display	180
Figure 9.3        "Explosive welding" citation network	181
Figure 9.4        Citation matrix Explosive welding	182
Figure 9.5        "Butterfly" display	183
Figure 9.6        JCR 1974 acoustic journal citation connections	184
Figure 9.7        JCR 1987 acoustic journal citation connections	184
Figure 9.8        Part of article cluster about "Liposomes as drug carriers"	185
Figure 9.9        WOS search "Primary pulmonary hypertension"	187
Figure 9.10      Visualization of multidisciplinary clusters	188
Figure 9.11      Zoom-in of cancer genetics cluster within lower right of "biology"                          in Figure 9.10	189
Figure 9.12      Zoom-in of arrowed cluster in Figure 9.11	190
Figure 9.13      "Pathfinder" relationship links between articles	191
Figure 9.14       Some articles as in Figure 9.13 with redundant links removed	192
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1      Co-authorship index of Spanish scientific production in the                          SCI and SSCI during the period 1990–1993	202
Figure 10.2      Collaboration pattern of Spanish scientific production in the                          SCI and SSCI during the period 1990–1993	203
Chapter 11
Table 11.1        Number of papers coauthored by scientists from two rich [G7 and EU]                          countries [Data from the SCI 1998]	220
Table 11.2        Number of papers coauthored by scientists from two developing                           countries [Data from the SCI 1998]	220
Table 11.3        Number of papers coauthored by Australian/Canadian/Chinese/                           Indian/Israeli/ Japanese authors with authors from different countries                           [Data from the SCI 1998]	221
Figure 11.1       Cooperation index of India, Israel, China, and Japan                           with advanced countries	223
Figure 11.2       Cooperation index of India, Israel, China, and Japan with Asian countries	223
Figure 11.3       Affinity index of India, Israel, China and Japan towards advanced countries	225
Figure 11.4       Affinity index of India, Israel, China and Japan towards Asian countries	225
Table 11.4        Some statistics on internationally collaborated papers of India	225
Table 11.5        Some statistics on internationally collaborated papers of China	226
Table 11.6        Some statistics on internationally collaborated papers of Japan	226
Table 11.7        Some statistics on internationally collaborated papers of Israel	226
Table 11.8        Average expected impact factor of collaborated and                          non-collaborated papers	227
Table 11.9        Distribution of internationally collaborated papers of India by subject and                          collaborating country	228
Table 11.10      Distribution of internationally collaborated papers of China by                           subject and collaborating country	229
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1       Distribution of journals by fields	253
Table 13.1        Spearman rank order correlation between U-S&T and SCI-JCR (fields)	253
Table 13.2        Ranking of fields by percentage share of U-S&T journals                          covered by SCI-JCR	254
Figure 13.2       Distribution of journals by countries	255
Table 13.3        Spearman rank order correlation between U-S&T and SCI-JCR (countries)	255
Table 13.4        Ranking of countries by percentage share of U-S&T journals                          covered by SCI-JCR	255
Figure 13.3       Distribution of journals by publishers	256
Table  13.5       Spearman rank order correlation between U-S&T                          and SCI-JCR (publishers)	257
Table 13.6        Ranking of publishers by percentage share of U-S&T journals                           covered by SCI-JCR	257
Figure 13.4a      Distribution of U. S. journals by fields	258
Figure 13.4b      Distribution of U. K. journals by fields	259
Figure 13.4c      Distribution of German journals by fields	259
Figure 13.4d      Distribution of Dutch journals by fields	260
Figure 13.4e      Distribution of French journals by fields	260
Figure 13.4f       Distribution of Japanese journals by fields	261
Table 13.7         Spearman rank order correlation between U-S&T and                           SCI-JCR (fields in major countries)	261
Figure 13.5a      Distribution of Elsevier journals by fields	262
Figure 13.5b      Distribution of Kluwer journals by fields	262
Figure 13.5c      Distribution of Springer journals by fields	263
Figure 13.5d      Distribution of Wiley journals by fields	263
Figure 13.5e      Distribution of Academic Press journals by fields	264
Figure 13.5f       Distribution of Gordon & Breach journals by fields	264
Table  13.8        Spearman rank order correlation between U-S&T and SCI-JCR                            (fields in major publishers)	265
Figure 13.6a       Distribution of medical journals by country	265
Figure 13.6b       Distribution of biological journals by country	266
Figure 13.6c       Distribution of engineering journals by country	266
Figure 13.6d       Distribution of agricultural journals by country	267
Figure  13.6e      Distribution of physics journals by country	267
Figure 13.6f        Distribution of chemistry journals by country	268
Table 13.9          Spearman rank order correlation between U-S&T                            and SCI-JCR (countries in major fields)	268
Figure 13.7a       Distribution of Elsevier journals by countries	269
Figure 13.7b       Distribution of Springer journals by countries	269
Table 13.10        Spearman rank order correlation between U-S&T and                            SCI-JCR (countries in major publishers)	270
Figure 13.8a       Distribution of medical journals by publishers	270
Figure 13.8b       Distribution of biological journals by publishers	271
Figure 13.8c       Distribution of engineering journals by publishers	271
Figure 13.8d       Distribution of agricultural journals by publishers	272
Figure 13.8e       Distribution of physics journals by publishers	272
Figure 13.8f        Distribution of chemistry journals by publishers	273
Table 13.11        Spearman rank order correlation between U-S&T and                            SCI-JCR  (publishers in major fields)	273
Figure 13.9a       Distribution of U.S. journals by publishers	274
Figure 13.9b       Distribution of U.K. journals by publishers	274
Figure 13.9c       Distribution of German journals by publishers	275
Figure 13.9d       Distribution of Dutch journals by publishers	275
Figure 13.9e       Distribution of French journals by publishers	276
Table 13.12        Spearman rank order correlation between U-S&T  and SCI-JCR                             (publishers in major countries)	276
Chapter 15
Table 15.1         Overall assessment of medical research institute.Trend analysis of size in                            terms of publication output (PUBL) and of the international                            standardized  CPP/FCSm	306
Table 15.2         Search for scientific excellence: Assessment at group level	307
Figure 15.1        National disciplinary assessment and search for scientific excellence                            combined	308
Figure 15.2        Research profile of Medical Research Institute Intermezzo                           Eugene Garfield’s bibliometric representation	310
Intermezzo Eugene Garfield’s bibliometric representation  (containing Table 15-3 and Figure 15-3)	311
Figure 15.4        Bibliometric map of micro-electronics research 1992-1994	313
Table 15.A1      Bibliometric analysis of medical research institute, 1990-1998	315
Chapter 17
Table 17.1        The number of bibliometric tables and figures in the U.S.                           science & engineering indicators reports	338
Table 17.2         Research level system	341
Table 17.3         U.S.scientific sectors	345
Table 17.4         Standard literature indicators	346
Figure 17.1        National science and technology indicator reports containing bibliometrics	352
Figure 17.2        Chemical companies: median market-to-book ratios of portfolios based                            on classifying firms by patent impact and science linkage in the                            previous 3 years	356
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1        Schematic diagram showing some of the main linkages connecting                            biomedical research and health improvement	363
Figure 18.2        The rise in the number of papers (articles, notes, reviews, editorials                           and letters) with "evidence based medicine" in their titles in the SCI                           (solid curve), with the percentage that are articles (dashed curve)	364
Table 18.1         Mean numbers of non-patent references cited by U.S. patents in different                            classes	365
Table 18.2         Inventor countries for U.S. PTO patents citing to biomedical papers                            from five Scandinavian cities, 1986-1995	366
Table 18.3         Perentages of U.K. papers at four research levels (1=clinical, 4=basic)                            in different sub-fields from 1988–1995 cited by U.S. patents. 1988-1996	367
Table 18.4         Distribution by research level (1 = clinical, 4 = basic) of papers cited                           on 15 U.K. clinical guidelines, papers cited by them, papers cited by                           them to 4 generations, percent	368
Table 18.5         Leading reports of scientific progress funded by the Wellcome Trust                           and cited in U.K. newspapers in 1998-1999	371
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1       The Journal Impact Factor (JIF) calculated online as in the                           Journal Citation Reports (ISI)	376
Figure 19.2       The online calculation of a diachronic Journal Impact Factor (JIF)	377
Table 19.1        Publication activity, 1993-1995	380
Table 19.2        All nine centers. Publications and citations; overall CIF,                          comparative CIF and CJIF	380
Table 19.3        International knowledge export, 1993–1998, the Freshwater Center	382
Diagram 19.1    Correlation covering 1993-1998 for both single CIF and CJIF for                           all the nine centers	383
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1       Linear representation of a complete pathway through science	458
Figure 23.2      Cluster tree for apoptosis	459
Figure 23.3      Cluster network for apoptosis	460
Figure 23.4      Linear version of cluster tree for apoptosis	461
Figure 23.5      Document tree for SMA	462
Figure 23.6      Document network for SMA	463
Figure 23.7      Information recombination	464
Figure 23.8      First three documents in a path from neuroscience to physics	464
Figure 23.9      1996 precursor path from apoptosis to SMA	467
Chapter 24
Table 24.1       Four modes of ego-centered analysis	481
Table 24.2       Four "lines" centered on Eugene Garfield	482
Figure 24.1      PFNET of Garfield’s Citation Image, AHCI, 1988–1997	487
Figure 24.2      Numbered PFNET of Garfield’s Citation Image, AHCI, 1988–1997                         (see Table 24.3 for Legend)	490
Table 24.3       Legend for Figure 24.2	491
Chapter 25
Figure 25.1      Price’s N-rays reference-network graph	498
Figure 25.2      Reference-network graphs for celestial masers and rational expectations	501
Table 25.1       Ratios of observed to expected numbers of references in the                         research front and to foundational papers, and mean number of orienting                         reference lists, for seven research areas	502
Table 25.2      Examples of citations for general and specific points, by research area	506
Figure 25.3     Types of citations to highly cited papers in six research areas,                         tests of the association between the presence of specific citations and the                         recency of the cited paper, and values of the "op. cit. statistic,"                         by research area	508

Preface and Acknowledgments

Some years ago, we considered writing a biography of Eugene Garfield, an idea sparked by a dinner conversation with Gene in Philadelphia. For a variety of reasons that project stalled, which, with hindsight, was for the best. Much of the ground we would have covered has since been expertly tilled by Paul Wouters in his doctoral thesis on the history and social significance of citation indexing. That study will be published shortly as "The citation culture" by Stanford University Press, and will surely become a classic within the information science/scientometrics literature. With Gene’s seventy-fifth birthday fast approaching (September 2000) we decided that a Festschrift would be both fitting and timely. Our problem was not that of identifying possible contributors, but of not offending those who might have wished to honor the man by failing to call upon their services. It is all too clear that a second volume could have been mustered without much additional effort or any loss of quality. All those whom we approached were heartily supportive of the idea and keen to show their affection and respect for the man and his multifarious accomplishments.

It goes without saying that we are grateful to all of our contributors for their essays and papers. Invidious though it is to single out any individual, we must make special mention of Robert Merton, doyen of contemporary sociologists, who, despite illness and surgery, refused to be deflected from his task, and delivered his manuscript hours before the final deadline. A Festschrift is, of course, a labor of love, but our labors were eased considerably by the quiet efficiency of our assistant, Agnieszka Gmys-Wiktor, and the helpful suggestions and background information provided by Henry Small and Sharon Murphy. The tangible support provided by both Indiana University and the Institute for Scientific Information is also gratefully acknowledged.

Blaise Cronin and Helen Barsky Atkins
Bloomington and Philadelphia, June 2000

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________________________________________________

List of Contributors

Subbiah Arunachalam, Distinguished Fellow, M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, Taramani Third Cross Street, Chennai 600 113, India;
subbiah_a@hotmail.com

Helen Barsky Atkins, Director, Database Development, Institute for Scientific Information, 3501 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
helen.atkins@isinet.com

María Bordons, Center for Scientific Information and Documentation (CINDOC), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Joaqúin Costa 22, 28002 Madrid, Spain; mbordons@cindoc.csic.es

Christine Borgman, Professor and Presidential Chair in Information Studies, Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, University of California at Los Angeles, 235 GSE&IS Building, Box 951520, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1520, USA;
cborgman@ucla.edu

Tibor Braun, Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Information Science and Scientometrics Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 123, H-1443 Budapest-70, Hungary;
h1533bra@ella.hu

David C. Brock, Associate Historian, Chemical Heritage Foundation, 315 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106-2702, USA;
davidb@chemheritage.org

Tony Cawkell, CITECH Ltd., P.O. Box 565, Iver, Buckinghamshire, SL0 0QZ, England; tony.cawkell@mailexcite.com

Jonathan R. Cole, Provost and Dean of Faculties and Quetelet Professor of Social Science, Columbia University, 205 Low Library, 535 West 116th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA; Jrc5@columbia.edu

Stephen Cole, Leading Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4356, USA;
scole@notes.cc.sunysb.edu

Blaise Cronin, Rudy Professor of Information Science and Dean, School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-1901, USA;
bcronin@indiana.edu

Elisabeth Davenport, Professor of Information Management, Napier University Business School, Sighthill Court, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, Scotland;
e.davenport@napier.ac.uk

Arthur M. Diamond, Jr., Noddle Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0048, USA;
adiamond@unomaha.edu

Wolfgang Glänzel, Bibliometrics Service, Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1002, H-1245 Budapest, Hungary;
H4324gla@ella.hu

Isabel Gómez, Center for Scientific Information and Documentation (CINDOC), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Joaquín Costa 22, 28002 Madrid, Spain;
igomez@cindoc.csic.es

Lowell L. Hargens, Professor, Department of Sociology, Ohio State University, 300 Bricker Hall, 190 N. Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210-1353, USA;
hargens.1@osu.edu

Robert M. Hayes, Dean and Professor Emeritus, Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, University of California at Los Angeles, 235 GSE&IS Building, Box 951520, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1520, USA;
rhayes@ucla.edu

Kimberly S. Hamilton, Research Analyst and System Manager, CHI Research Inc., 10 White Horse Pike, Haddon Heights, NJ 08035, USA;
khamilton@chiresearch.com

Peter Ingwersen, Senior Researcher, Department of Information Studies and Center for Informetric Studies, Royal School of Library and Information Science, Birketinget 6, DK 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark;
pi@db.dk

Michael E.D. Koenig, Dean and Professor, The Palmer School of Library and Information Science, Long Island University, 720 Northern Blvd., Brookville, NY 11548-1300, USA; mkoenig@liu.edu

Birger Larsen, Department of Information Studies and Center for Informetric Studies, Royal School of Library and Information Science, Birketinget 6, DK 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark; blar@db.dk

Joshua Lederberg, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Scholar and President Emeritus, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA; jsl@rockvax.rockefeller.edu

Grant Lewison, Senior Policy Analyst, The Wellcome Trust, 210 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE, England;
G.Lewison@wellcome.ac.uk

Jack Meadows, Professor of Library and Information Studies, Department of Information Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, England; A.J.Meadows@lboro.ac.uk

Robert K. Merton, University Professor Emeritus, Columbia University, 450 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10027, USA;
rm241@columbia.edu

Francis Narin, President, CHI Research Inc., 10 White Horse Pike,
Haddon Heights, NJ 08035, USA;
fnarin@chiresearch.com

Dominic Olivastro, Research Analyst & System Manager, CHI Research Inc., 10 White Horse Pike, Haddon Heights, NJ 08035, USA;
dolivastro@ chiresearch.com

Charles Oppenheim, Professor of Information Science, Department of Information Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, England; C.Oppenheim@lboro.ac.uk

Anthony van Raan, Professor of Science Studies and Director, Center for Science and Technology Studies, University of Leiden, Wassenaarseweg 52, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, The Netherlands;
vanraan@cwts.leidenuniv.nl

Jane M. Russell, Senior Researcher, University Center for Library Research (CUIB), National Autonomous University of Mexico, Torre II de Humanidades, Cuidad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico;
jrussell@servidor.unam.mx

András Schubert, Bibliometric Service, Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1051 Budapest, Arany J. u 1, Hungary;
schuba@helka.iif.hu

Henry Small, Director of Contract Research, Institute for Scientific Information, 3501 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
henry.small@isinet.com

Arnold Thackray, Joseph Priestly Professor Emeritus, University of Pennsylvania, and President, Chemical Heritage Foundation, 315 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106-2702, USA;
athackray@chemheritage.org

Péter Vinkler, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1025 II, Pusztaszeri ut 59-67, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary;
pvinkler@cric.chemres.hu

Mary Westermann-Cicio, Assistant Dean, Palmer School of Library and Information Science, Long Island University, 720 Northern Blvd., Brookville, NY 11548-1300, USA; westerma@titan.liunet.edu

Howard White, Distinguished Professor, Drexel University, College of Information Science and Technology, 33rd and Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
whitehd@drexel.edu

Irene Wormell, Professor and Head of the Center for Informetric Studies, Royal School of Library and Information Science, Birketinget 6, DK 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark;
iw@db.dk

Paul Wouters, Netherlands Institute of Scientific Information Services of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Joan Muyskenweg 25. PO Box 95110, 1090 HC Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
paul.wouters@niwi.knaw.nl
 

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